Electrical Transmission Lines Essay - 1614 Words

Introduction: Is there enough evidence to indicate that people living near electrical transmission lines are at an increased risk for health issues? Are BC Hydro’s high-powered transmission lines putting the Canadian public at risk? Although there is currently no definite answer to these questions, there may be a few things to consider. Since the 1970’s, concerns about high-powered transmission lines impacting people’s health have struck strong debate [6] . M. Abdel-Salam, a professor at the department of electrical engineering at Assiut University, suggests that calculating the electromagnetic radiation distribution under high-powered power lines is crucial for assessing the radiation people are exposed to [6]. Ahlbom and Feychting†¦show more content†¦It will then cite studies that outline the health implications EMF exposure may have on people. Finally, it will address the findings that suggest that EMF exposure may have no proven harm on people’s health. What is electromagnetic radiation and where does it come from? Electromagnetic force (EMF) radiation is a non-ionizing force that is present as a result of electric fields [6]. Whenever electrical current is passed through a wire, electromagnetic fields circles the path of current [6,13]. When charged particles move, known as a current, it’s movement generates an electric and magnetic field [6]. The current’s flow generates the magnetic field and the electrical potential generates the electric field[13]. When referring to these two fields together we call them EMFs [13]. Since magnetic fields are non-ionizing and considered far less dangerous than other radiation, such as x-rays and microwaves, EMF radiation is not commonly considered dangerous, and as a result, does not receive scrutiny to as high of an extent [13,9]. Electromagnetic radiation, when compared to x-rays or even UV light, consists of a very low frequency and high wavelength [12]. This means that the health implications EMF radiation may have is far less obvious when compared to a known carcinogens such as x-rays or UV radiation [12, 6]. EMF radiation is present in all consumer electronics [12]. As a matter of fact, it is present in anything with an electrical current. HighShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Noise on a Communication System1494 Words   |  6 Pageseach other. Noise, in physics, is an acoustic, electrical, or electronic signal consisting of a random mixture of wavelengths. It is also a subjective term, referring to any unwanted sound. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopaedia 2002 Throughout this essay I will illustrate the early model which Shannon and Weaver created during the middle of the Twentieth Century and investigate some of the advantages and disadvantages of this model. 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Decomposition Lab 5 Free Essays

Lab 5 DECOMPOSITION (Nov 2, 2011) Introduction: Decomposition is the breakdown of organic material into its smaller molecules and elements. (This term is generally considered as a biotic process but one may find it also used to describe an abiotic process, e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Decomposition Lab 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now , due to weathering. ) The decomposing organisms may use the release of elements for nutrients and by breaking apart the carbon-carbon bonds in organic matter this can release energy for them. These smaller molecules and nutrient elements may also become available for use by the primary producers (i. e. , plants and phototropic microorganisms). Decomposition is an important step in the food chain and contributes to the nutrient cycling within an ecosystem. Most of the organic matter in an ecosystem ultimately passes through the decomposer subsystem. Decomposition of organic matter is a major ecosystem process involving an array of different organisms. The catabolism (breakdown of molecules into smaller units) of the organic compounds is mostly accomplished by bacteria and fungi. However if one considers decomposition as the disappearance or breakdown of organic litter then the soil fauna (invertebrates such as the springtails, mites, isopods, etc) must be included in this array of soil biota that contributes to the decomposition of organic matter. Wood decomposition is also influenced by the fungal species that break it down. Some of these species form brown rot (where only cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down leaving lignin which is brown), while others form white rot where all three are broken down). The majority of fungi are white rotters, but brown rot fungi are ecologically important because they form long-lived nurse logs. Decomposition rates vary due to abiotic factors such as moisture level, temperature, and soil type. The rates also vary depending on the amount of initial breakdown caused by the prior consumers in the food chain. The more broken down the organic matter (greater surface area exposed), the faster is the final decomposition. There are a variety of methods to determine decomposition rates. For example, 1) weight loss (a change in organic matter mass over time) – such as using litter bags or core sampling; 2) organic tissue or component substrate changes (e. g. , weight or concentration changes of cellulose or lignin); 3) microbial populations (fingerprinting the microbial populations present and their changes) and/or their activity (e. g. CO2 evolution using alkali traps [eg, soda lime, sodium hydroxide] or detection of CO2 in gaseous samples [e. g. , InfraRed Gas Analyzer-IRGA, gas chromatography-GC]. Objectives 1. Determine CO2 evolution as an indicator of decomposition and microbial populations from the hardwood, conifer and garden soils using a static soda lime trap. 2. Determine the effects of isopods on decomposition of vine maple leaves 3. Examine differences between brown and white rot in wood  decay 4. Solve a problem set using conifer needle mass loss data from litterbags. . Soil CO2 evolution using the Soda Lime technique (a static-chamber method)   CO2 evolution will be determined from the soil surface beneath conifer trees (Douglas-fir and cedar), deciduous hardwood trees adjacent to Winkenwerder Hall, and a nearby garden soil on campus using the static trap soda lime technique. Soda lime gains weight when exposed to CO2. The main components of soda lime are  : †¢ Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)2 (about 75%) †¢ Water – H2O (about 20%) †¢ Sodium hydroxide – NaOH (about 3%) Potassium hydroxide – KOH (about 1%) The method is based on the adsorption of CO2 by soda lime that is measured by a weight gain. The following absorption reactions occur: 2NaOH+CO2[pic]Na2CO3+H2O Ca(OH)2+CO2[pic]CaCO3+H2O Procedure: 1. Obtain soda lime 2. Dry the soda lime in a clean beaker at 105 C in a drying oven to remove adsorbed moistur e (212 Bloedel) 3. When dry (probably overnight or until it stops losing weight), weigh out approximately 10 g into a soil can (record to at least the nearest 0. 001g). 4. A plastic container (16 cm diam) is used as a chamber to trap CO2 evolving from the soil. 5. At the field sites place the soil can with soda lime on the soil and then place the plastic container upside down over it and push its edges into the soil to form a seal around the beaker to trap CO2 from the soil respiration. 6. Also place a control (blank) sample of soda lime in a soil can in the field also under a plastic container, but one that has a bottom on it (aluminium foil) so that it does not allow CO2 evolving from the soil to be adsorbed. This control (blank) is treated as all other samples except that it is not exposed to soil CO2 evolution. 7. Incubate for 24 hr (leave in situ so that CO2 evolution has been subjected to abiotic/biotic fluctuations occurring over the diurnal period). 8. After 24hr remove the soda lime from under the can and put the top on the soil can to keep CO2 exchanges from occurring. 9. Dry the soil can of soda lime (uncovered) in the drying oven at 105 C (overnight sufficient) and then reweigh. 10. Three replicate samples are used for the conifer, hardwood and garden soils as well one blank at each site. 11. At each site record pH and temperature in the upper 5 cm of mineral soil. Make general observations about the amount of roots you see at each site Calculation: The difference in weights before and after incubation is an estimate of the grams of carbon dioxide evolved from the soil. Multiply this weight by a correction factor* of 1. 69 (due to 1 mole of water generated by each mole of CO2 absorbed by the lime) (Grogan 1998). The units are g CO2 per ‘container area’ per 24hr. This is converted to g CO2 m-2 hr-1. S = (Wsl x 1. 69) / (Ac x T) where, S is CO2 evolution (g CO2 m-2 h-1), Wsl is the soda lime weight gain, 1. 69 is the C absorption rate of soda-lime, Ac is the chamber area (m2), and T is the sampling time in hours. Do the same calculation for the control (blank) and subtract that value from the sample calculation to derive the correct CO2 evolution from the soil. In Excel conduct an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine if there are significant differences (P How to cite Decomposition Lab 5, Papers

Big Brother Little Sister Computer Monitoring Essay free essay sample

Large Brother, Little Sister Computer Monitoring Essay, Research Paper Computer Monitoring, Forging Tools for the Future Computer Monitoring is most frequently intended to better efficiency and effectivity in the workplace, but with good purposes comes the chance for maltreatment by employers and employees likewise. An illustration of both can be found in an article taken from The Futurist. Kristen Bell De Tienne # 8217 ; s composing # 8221 ; Big Brother or Friendly Giant: Computer Monitoring in the twenty-first Century # 8221 ; is an exceeding observation as to what the hereafter may keep for those people taking to come in the technological field such as industry, commercialism, medical specialty and scientific discipline. As Computer Monitoring increases there comes a concern for the types of effects it may hold in the workplace. Harmonizing to DeTienne, # 8220 ; By the terminal of the decennary, every bit many as 30 million people may invariably be monitored in their occupations # 8221 ; ( 462 ) . As computing machine systems become more sophisticated this figure will drastically increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Brother Little Sister Computer Monitoring Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As we enter this new age of engineering we must retrieve that with more power comes more duty by employers and employees likewise. Micheal J. Smith, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison explains that cognition can be used as a arm or as a tool ( DeTienne 462 ) . For case monitoring maltreatment can be found in the in the state of affairs of air hose agents. The agents discovered that by maintaining clients on clasp while completing their work they could derive an excess 5-minute interruption ( De Tienne 462 ) . In the hereafter these equivocations of work will be stopped and for this ground # 8220 ; employee # 8217 ; s who are accustomed to hedging the monitoring system may no longer be able to digest it # 8221 ; ( De Tienne 463 ) . These types of employees may happen they can no longer last the added force per unit area of non being able to hedge the system ( DeTienne 463 ) . While supervising can add force per unit area to some employees it can besides be a alleviation to others. It is a alleviation to the employee because it provides information readily at manus. With the usage of prompts, moving as reminders to workers of information needed is passed on expeditiously leting employees to make a better occupation. However, if prompts are used to state an employee how much clip has been wasted or how bad an employee is making their occupation, it could do the opposite consequence ( DeTienne 463 ) . Monitoring can hold a positive consequence on workers by allowing the employee entree their ain information. In a survey by Christopher Early information about occupation performence given by a computing machine is accepted better than a public presentation evaluation given by a foreman. This can merely hold positive consequences for both employers and employees ( De Tienne 463 ) . While at this clip monitoring is based on the end product of an employee # 8217 ; s public presentation. In the hereafter there will be more freedom for employees to utilize their ain thoughts, hence doing supervising more effectual ( DeTienne 464 ) . While monitoring will be used largely as a tool. One illustration of monitoring as a arm is seen when a adult female took an excess minute in the bathroom was threatened with fring her occupation. With this added emphasis she suffered a nervous dislocation. The Company insisted that they were non # 8220 ; descrying # 8221 ; but were merely seeking to better their concern ( DeTienne 465 ) . If monitoring is non used right concerns will endure with additions in operating costs because of # 8220 ; increased turnover, absenteeism, medical costs, and worker # 8217 ; s compensation # 8221 ; ( DeTiene 465 ) Employers who use positive support with monitoring will vouch better motive. Employers hence receive the benefits of better concern ( DeTienne 465 ) . Although, most employers will utilize monitoring in a positive manner, statute law may be needed to protect employees from those who abuse the monitoring system. The protection of employees should be the most of import issue now and in the hereafter. Legislation has the potency to assist employees with issues of better intervention and the right to privateness ( De Tienne 465 ) . In the New Century companies that win, harmonizing to John Scully who is president of Apple Computers, will be the 1s who learn from the past and from the # 8220 ; me boss and you employee # 8221 ; outlook. Alternatively of possessing this outlook employers should endeavor to do employees experience better about themselves and their occupations ( DeTienne 466 ) . A good Blacksmith can take a cock and hammer a arm into a tool that can profit the whole small town. Employers are the Blacksmiths employees are the cocks, monitoring is the tool. It takes both to do a tool to profit the hereafter.