Animal Species

Creature species are diminishing at a disturbing rate, and a significant number of it has to do with human impedance to creatures living spaces. In the article â€Å"Era of ‘Biological Annihilation' Is Underway, Scientists Warn†(2017) by Tatiana Scholssberg she clarifies the manner by which 2 Stanford University Professors and one teacher from Universidad Nacional Autã ³noma de Mã ©xico composed their investigation and the manner in which they worded and set up their thoughts on the subject of worldwide loss of creature species: It wouldn't be moral right now not to communicate in this harsh speech to point out the seriousness of the problem.† The obliteration people are doing to creatures is negative, and is making creatures go decline in populace at such a rapid and these 3 educators volunteer to make this issue sound as ghastly as it should. All through the starting to mid piece of the article Scholssberg clarifies how quick creature populaces have diminished, she utilizes explicit numbers to appear at what speed these populaces are really diminishing by. For example, cheetas as se makes reference to have around 7000 individuals left than they had before any significant decimation was made to their natural surroundings and them. She further clarifies how it was hard for the 3 educators from UNAM and Stanford to accumulate their data. Since various researchers have unmistakable meanings of what populace implies, it is difficult to show how populace misfortune is influencing various types of creatures. At the point when researchers are investigating creature populace misfortune they for the most part observe a piece of how much the creature species populace has been diminishing and not really the entire picture viewing every creature specie as clarified by Scholssberg. She makes reference to that â€Å"previous evaluations of worldwide eradication rates have been excessively low, to some degree since researchers have been excessively centered around the total elimination of a species† which doesn't â€Å"generate enough open concern,† and loans the feeling that numerous species are not seriously undermined, or that mass annihilation is an inaccessible catastrophe.† Scholssberg makes reference to that the 3 educators whos study she was assessing took an alternate course while talking about the lessening of different creature species, which helped them arrive at the resolution that â€Å"the vanishing of whole populaces, and the reduction of the quantity of people inside a population,† are both similarly significant however for the most part individuals don't see the comprehensive view in the decline of different creature species. As referenced before a considerable lot of the abatements in the creature populace are a direct result of human movement. For example, environmental change and the steady misuse of creatures natural surroundings. To help kind of equalization this out Scholssberg referenced in her article that â€Å"some species have had the option to bounce back when a portion of these weights are taken away.† By this, I'm certain she implies that when people quit meddling with a creatures territory, creatures are bound to carry on with a progressively productive life. People may just truly be the harmful ones, over misusing and assuming control over creatures living spaces. There will be a dependable contact with these creature populaces and on the off chance that we don't stop now, when will we?

Developmental Psychology Paper Essay

Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. I chose to direct close to home meetings and relate my discoveries to these three speculations. Piaget’s hypothesis clarified the four phases of intellectual turn of events. Erikson partitioned psychosocial advancement into eight phases, depicting how the individuals and nature influences how we gain our character. Kohlberg’s hypothesis of good advancement was to comprehend the thinking to why we settle on the choices we do. The following are the means by which my discovering identify with these different formative mental speculations. Piaget’s four phases of psychological improvement start with the sensorimotor stage. This stage is from birth to around two years old when the baby makes their first comprehension of their general surroundings by taste and contact. At two years old to six or seven years, the youngster advances into the pre-operational stage. In this stage the child’s believing is as yet egocentric. Despite the fact that this age bunch has stable ideas and mental thinking, they do not have the rationale for mental tasks and can just think in their perspective. At that point the solid operational stage starts at around seven years of age and goes on until the youngster is, rough, eleven years of age. During this stage, the youngster can comprehend and frame straightforward numerical activities. Egocentrism will be killed and they will not, at this point have the option to see life from one viewpoint (their own perspective). Not just in numerical tasks, the kid can see numerous angles when taking care of an issue. At this stage, they start to frame an awareness of other's expectations for their pets and additionally close to home possessions. Formal operational, Piaget’s last stage, starts around age twelve and proceeds through adulthood. Formal operational stage is the point at which the chid forms into a grown-up and is equipped for unique idea and good thinking impacts dynamic. The experimentation technique starts here, alongside the beginning of thinking about future results and outcomes from choices. Erikson’s eight phases of psychosocial advancement start with birth to the principal year of life. During this time a newborn child is totally defenseless and depends off their overseer for everything. For this first year it is critical for the guardian of the newborn child to frame a relationship for socialization improvement. The subsequent stage stretches out from the primary year of the kid to age three, when there is a contention between uncertainty or disgrace and self-governance. The genital, or third stage endures from age four to age five. The contention here is among imitative and a sentiment of blame. The fourth stage, the inactivity stage, keeps going from six to eleven years of age. This is the po int at which a youngster figures out how to reason, make, and procure. The contention is among industry and mediocrity. These initial four phases are increasingly reliant on others and the individual is handily affected by their condition. The last four phases of Erikson’s formative hypothesis happens when the individual starts to scan for their develop self and an ability to read a compass. The fifth stage starts with immaturity, that keeps going from age twelve to age eighteen. Here, the contention is among character and job disarray. The immature changes into the youthful adulthood stage, enduring from age eighteen to twenty-five. This is when building up a feeling of personality and vocation achievement. This is the point at which the individual is on the way to development and autonomy. Adulthood endures around from thirty-five, to fifty five years of age. During this stage the grown-up begins to give their insight to another. The contention is between simplification or self retention. The last phase of advancement is development. This stage goes on til' the very end, when the individual b attles to think back on existence with a feeling of fulfillment and assess our life. Kohlberg’s hypothesis of good improvement furnishes us with a more clear comprehension of why we settle on decisions. This hypothesis was isolated into three phases of good thinking. The most fundamental stage, is pre-show. During this stage the possibility that we settle on our choices because of dread of discipline or want for remuneration happens. A youngster is well on the way to settled on choices with this stage, because of a dread or acquiescence to power. Next, traditional profound quality is to a lesser degree a dread to a position figure, more the individual needing to make the best choice. This is society adjusting us to get along to keep up social request. Post-customary might be something contrary to ordinary. Post-ordinary doesn't mean we plan something incorrectly for beat congruity, yet an individual will follow what they accept to be acceptable regardless of whether it clashes with the laws or mores of society. As per Piaget’s second stage, the pre-operational stage, the child’s musings and activities are egocentric and need rationale for mental tasks. The kid I met ha d an egotistical point of view, lacking reasonable objectives and accomplishments. As of now in the child’s life, they are additionally at Erikson’s inactivity stage, when they figure out how to reason, make, and acquire, in this way clarifying why one of this child’s greatest achievements was blending two soft drinks to make one. All in all, Piaget’s and Erikson’s speculations can precisely anticipate a child’s contemplations and practices. Young people are progressively muddled, for they have moved past the inactivity stage into the youth stage. Personality improvement and job disarray are the bigger clashes. Additionally now, they progress into the formal operational stage, when they can think conceptually and settle on their own choices. When inquired as to whether she had picked up or lost fearlessness throughout the years, the young lady I talked with, Ashley, reacted: â€Å"So I lost it all through center school, however bit by bit began picking up it through high school.† This is expected to Ashley battling and starting to discover her character. She had as of now objectives that she needed to accomplish and had the option to foresee what she needed to do in five years. As a young person, Ashley can settle on choices for different reasons than dread of discipline or want. A stage away from adulthood, at youth Ashely is practically ready to act and think like a grown-up. Adulthood is like youth as it were. Because of the way that the two adolescences and grown-ups can settle on choices utilizing any of the recently referenced good thinking procedures and both are in the formal operational stage. Though, adulthood keeps on fanning endlessly from pre-adulthood is just obvious utilizing Erikson’s formative stages. The youthful grown-up I talked with, Dustin, is vacillating of two phases: youthful adulthood and adulthood. At this point, Dustin ought to have a feeling of self and autonomy. â€Å"Back then I had no desire, I simply needed to lay computer games. I mean I despite everything need to play computer games, yet I likewise need cash and to be successful,† said Dustin when I asked him how extraordinary he was from when he began secondary school. Throughout the years his wants and objectives changed as he developed with his vocation. However, at forty-seven with four children and a vocation, the lady I met had no issues understanding her personality ulike a youngster or youthful grown-up might have. Her contentions are all inclusive statement, feeling useless or without reason throughout everyday life. As per Erikson, at this stage moderately aged grown-ups want to give their insight and aptitudes to the people to come. When asked what she needed to accomplish in the following five years, she reacted: â€Å"I need to get each of the four my children monetarily autonomous and begin setting aside cash for retirement.† She additionally shared her expectations about her kids getting hitched and having children: â€Å"I’ll have the option to play with them yet not need to stress over all the responsibilities.† Towards the finish of our lives when we arrive at old adulthood, different encounters can be satisfying or baffling. The last phase of Erikson’s hypothesis, development, when the individual battles to think back on what they have finished with a feeling of fulfillment. At the point when I asked my grandmother what she needed to accomplish in the following five years, there was a delay in her voice and I could tell the appropriate response she proclaimed was not certifiable. Maybe my grandmother had experienced so a lot, she not, at this point needed to challenger herself with more life obstacles. â€Å"I think kids had a fabulous time and didn’t stress over material things,† she said after I asked how things were diverse presently contrasted with when she was an adolescent. My grandmother thought back on her past affectionately, and offered me counsel how I should act later on. She had more exhortation and information to pass on than prepares of her. Through the span of the executing these speculations into my own meetings, I have discovered that the improvement of the mind works in stages, and the three logical investigations could precisely anticipate the practices of the different age bunches I addressed. Taking everything into account, the investigations were compelling in clarifying how our practices and improvement increment after some time, and in which request they do.

Now reviewing the Wait-List - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Now reviewing the Wait-List - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Now reviewing the Wait-List We are now at the time of year where we can begin to review the wait-list, although we are just in the initial stages of the process, as we are still waiting on the last of the deposits to roll in. The wait-list is not ranked, although it is not random (as an earlier post referred to) in the sense that we are just going to throw darts at the list and see who to pick. After we have a sense of what the overall deposits looks like, we will then look at the group of students who have said yes to the wait-list to determine how best to round out our freshman class. It will not be based upon one single item, but instead we will look at a wide range of things in making our decision. I ask that you not call, write, email or send anything by messenger pigeon about your chances of admission off the wait-list, or how to better your chances, as we will be making decisions based upon what we have now, and we will not have any keen insight to give you about the process. I expect that we will admit a fair number of students for the Spring 2011 term, but I will not know about Fall until after the deposit numbers are clearer. We have made a small number of wait-list decisions over the past few days (a majority of which were Spring admits), but a majority of the wait-list decisions will not be released until later in the process. Please be patient as we go through the wait-list process, as when we do make offers, it is always in small groups and we will then have to wait for a response from the student. Again, when we make wait-list decisions, we are looking at the overall freshman class who has deposited, and then try to look at how we can fill out the class based upon the overall profile of each wait-list student. Thanks for being patient as we move forward with this process!

Developing An Effective Nutrition Plan Essay - 1618 Words

To help an athlete, reach their full potential, it is extremely important to develop an effective nutrition plan. These plans cannot be developed without analyzing an athlete’s current dietary regimen with regard to their food intake as well as exercise. This paper will analyze Anthony Scarfo, a professional soccer player, examining Scarfo’s current exercise plan as well as his daily nutrition intake. Anthony Scarfo is a twenty-four-year-old professional football player who currently plays for Pennsylvania’s Philadelphia Eagles. At present, Scarfo currently stands precisely 5’9† tall and he weighs in at 178 pounds. Scarfo is a Caucasian male, and he follows a really demanding training schedule. Scarfo’s football practice occurs five days each week during the off season, and is included in Scarfo’s training schedule every day that his team is not scheduled to play in a game once the professional football season has begun. Football practice involves participating in a five-mile run each and every day. In addition to his run, Scarfo also includes agility exercises as well as visiting the weight room at least four times each week for at least two hours. In the weight room Scarfo performs various upper body as well as lower body workouts by utilizing various machines. Scarfo additionally exceeds his minimum workout demand in the weight room by g oing at least five times each week instead of just four, where Scarfo is sure to perform numerous lifting exercises targeted toShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Developing an Overweight Program Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Developing an Overweight Program Throughout history, the United States Army has had a proud heritage and reputation of being the greatest fighting force in the world. It has upheld this status by maintaining the physical fitness and appearance of its soldiers. 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Pancreatic cancer is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world with very low survival rates depending on what stage you have. Over 95% of patients diagnosed will die from the disease, and most within one year of their diagnosis. There two main types of this disease being exocrine tumors (most commonly called adenocarcinoma) and endocrineRead MoreLetter Of Motivation : Why Are You Interested Of Studying Med icine?1308 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 2014. Currently, I am working as a District Trainer in a UNICEF funded project, ‘Competency Based Training in Nutrition’, that aims at improving nutrition of mother and under two years old children by developing competency of health care service providers. My assignment started in 7 august, 2016 and I am working in Sylhet, which is my hometown and lagging behind in national nutrition indicators. 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In the study, it was found that â€Å"women inthe highest quintile of dietary fiber intake had a 22% lower risk of developing diabetes than did women in the lowest quintile†, which helps to show the significance of fiber in maintaining a healthy, balanced diet that will reduce diabetic risk(Meyer etal, 2000). â€Å"The findings in this study of older women helps to support

The Dos and Donts of Isee Middle Level Essay Topics

The Do's and Don'ts of Isee Middle Level Essay Topics There's something for everybody in here. We hope you've learned a little more about the journey your son or daughter will be embarking upon and we anticipate serving you in any way we can! Attempt to reveal your characters learning some sort of lesson at the close of the story. Yet, if you're anything like us, then each time you're given this job, you start with staring at a blank page having no clue where to start. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Isee Middle Level Essay Topics The Los Angeles consortium of independent schools are working together to supply optimal testing for families on a broad selection of dates that are going to be accepted in the admission procedure. While taking the test, you could be tempted to finish a question as swiftly as possible. You have to discover good evidence to strengthen your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. If your test was rescheduled to a date you'll b e able to attend, no extra action is required. Isee Middle Level Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About And we wanted the government to get little power as a result of England. The ninth amendment also is essential because the government and the Constitution cannot deny certain rights which you're born with and that aren't mentioned. Every one of these amendments are extremely important to the way we reside in the present society and play an important part in our lives. The first ten amendments to our nation's constitution, referred to as the Bill of Rights, play an important part in the present society. So far as students are involved, there isn't much to be gained from discussing scoring. A superior score is one which will find the student into the secondary school they wish to attend. It is very important to understand what the typical admissible score is for the schools where the student is applying to. The scores on such tests help schools evaluate candidate s from a variety of schools to comprehend how they compare to one another. New Ideas Into Isee Middle Level Essay Topics Never Before Revealed The writing sample of the SSAT is just one of the most overlooked sections as soon as it comes to test prep! It's possible for you to assess where you should start your test preparation by taking a totally free online Practice Test, which can help you make an individualized study program. It means you may pick and choose topics based on how often they will probably show up on the actual exam. The test is worthwhile as it ensures they know their basics for middle and higher school. The Tried and True Method for Isee Middle Level Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail All fees connected with rescheduling the test is going to be waived and the ISEE Operations Office is prepared to assist you with your alternatives. You will be able to revisit the lessons as many times as you want to, and each lesson includes a printable lesson transcript t hat you could utilize to reassess the information offline. Our instructors are glad to answer any questions your young students might have. Students will have the ability to reassess the class material on a number of devices, and our instructors will be pleased to answer any questions your students might have. Your readers will need to find the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. The students are given 30-minutes to supply a written reaction to one. This will provide you with a notion of what essay graders are expecting of you. It is very important to begin with demonstrating the most important idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the identical page. When you own a plan, go right ahead and get writing! Editing and reviewing at the end is an important step in developing a polished writing sample. This can help you to make a more organized bit of writing! For instance, reading all the Reading questions connected with a specific passage before the passage itself allows students to know exactly what they're searching for in the selection. The One Thing to Do for Isee Middle Level Essay Topics For those students who require extensive aid, an essay writing course is highly advised. While the essay isn't scored, it gives students a chance to express themselves. Your essay needs to have a very clear introduction, 2-3 paragraphs of body and an intriguing conclusion. The written essay isn't scored. What to Expect From Isee Middle Level Essay Topics? Properly preparing to excel on the ISEE may have an important impact on a student's success in receiving into the school of her or his choice and excelling as soon as they get there. TestPrep-Online offers an assortment of ISEE practice packs. It's also necessary to be aware that the ISEE is 1 facet of a very nuanced application. The ISEE is the admission test of alternative for many independent schools throughout the nation and abroad.

Personal Problems Free Essays

Personal Problems George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is a simple essay with a strong message. Throughout the piece, the narrator faces the same conflict day after day and was â€Å"hated by large numbers of people† (Orwell 377). This level of hatred causes the narrator to make a decision against his beliefs and in favor of the imperialistic society. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This decision is not based on the right thing to do, but to simply fit in. Orwell uses his perplexed narrator, a simple plot, and detailed setting to explain how individuals choose self-image over self-satisfaction. Orwell speaks in first person as a participant taking on the role of a European police officer in an anti-British colony, and is the perplexed individual caught amongst the action. The officer faces unforgiving natives who often meet him with â€Å"sneering yellow faces †¦ [and with] insults hooted after me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 378). Yet in irony, those same citizens expect protection from a raging elephant on the loose causing an internal barrier. The officer explains, â€Å"They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching† (Orwell 380). It was at that moment when he realizes he is just â€Å"an absurd puppet† and is being used by the natives for whatever purpose they need. The plot in the essay is simple, straight forward, and follows the basic plot elements: the who, what, where, and why. In the first sentence, Orwell presents the narrator as the main character and the roles of the supporting characters. He describes the officer as an outcast, often targeted by the natives for amusement. Orwell wastes no time with deep rising actions, but quickly reaches the climax, exposing the internal conflict. The officer exclaims, â€Å"but even then I was not thinking particularly of my own skin, only of the watchful yellow faces behind,† and continues to describe how he was more afraid of looking like a fool in front of the natives than of the tyrant elephant (Orwell 381). Orwell keeps simplicity throughout his essay yet supplies great details; allowing the reader to feel the emotion and atmosphere of the setting. He uses plain language and few words to describe the cultural setting that is shaped from religious and political views. The officer often mentions the British rule and how the Buddhists and natives of the land were the worst (Orwell 379). The cultural differences between the British rule and natives were far from the same. Not only did this contribute to the internal conflicts of the officer, but to external conflicts of other British people in the colony. Orwell supports his theme of self-image over individual morals by using all the elements of literacy. The narrator’s conflict within himself was brought upon through his own actions and thoughts. As an officer he had a right to carry out the laws of the land, but would rather go against his beliefs to avoid ridicule wanting to fit in and not be laughed at. Nonetheless, even after he did what he thought the natives wanted, the officer still faces the same issues of internal conflict. He was trying to justify what was done to make him feel better, yet continues to have a guilty conscience. The officer even admits he â€Å"had done it solely to avoid looking a fool† (Orwell 382). In conclusion, Orwell presents a humble approach to a common problem of today. Although doing the moral thing is correct, most humans do what they feel is expected because someone’s eyes are always watching. Orwell cuts right to the point and wastes no time on useless material. The complicated character jumps out in the beginning and forecasts a simple plot. By using details about the location, Orwell supports his plot and places the essay in the middle of Southeast Asia. The location is important and better explains the relationship between authority figures and the religious differences. However, the choice is in the main character’s hands and instead of sticking to his beliefs, he would rather be a follower than forever a fool. How to cite Personal Problems, Papers

The British Aerospace Company Tornado Aircraft

Introduction The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most important countries not only in the Middle East, but also in the globe. This is because this country is known for the quantity of oil that it produces in the world. Furthermore, this nation is recognized for two important mosques and key in the lives of the Muslims across the globe.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this, this republic is working towards ensuring that it bears a sufficiency in all fields. Especially in this time and age, this country is working towards ensuring that the defense and security sectors are catered for. In order to achieve this, this nation has entered into agreements with the British aerospace in order to supply the kingdom with the most modern technology in the defense. During my cooperative training I had the opportunity to work with the British Aerospace. During this period I was able to get more information about the tornado Aircraft. This aircraft is the nucleus of Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). This report consists of a summary of my experience during this training period. It provides details about the Tornado engine, its maintenance, and some of the problems that were encountered and suggestions to set them right. Organizational history The British Aerospace Company is a company which is located in Europe. It is a company which is regarded as Europe’s largest and it is the third largest aerospace company in the world. This company has a turnover of 10 million pounds and booked orders which are worth more than 11 billion pounds. The number of staff who is working in this company total to 88,300 qualified personnel. The main operations of this company dwell in the commercial and defense aircrafts. Alongside this, the company is also involved in aircraft maintenance, flight training, advanced navigation and communication systems, rockets, arms and ammunition, civil engineering, optical systems, satellites, ground defense systems, and the ship services. The company has or is divided in three divisions. These divisions are the helicopter systems, naval systems and the Al- Yamamah project. Tornado AircraftAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aircraft is a two seat supersonic combat aircraft which is capable of great flexibility of purpose and design to fulfill a wide range of operational requirements. It has variable geometry wings, multi – spool, reheated turbofan engines, giving it a speed in excess of Mach 2 at high altitude. The variable geometry wings together with high lift devices, ensures that it can land and take off at slow speeds at dispersed sites. During the time I was in this company, I realized that there are two kinds of Tornado Aircrafts. That is the Tornad o Air Defense Variant (ADV), and the Tornado Interdictor Strike (IDS). The difference that exists between these two aircrafts is that the ADV and IDS, is based in the reheat section. Furthermore, the IDS is 1.39 m longer than the ADV which is the main external difference in front fuselage section to accommodate the AL radar, Sky flash missiles, avionics and extra fuel tank. It also has wing nips which sweep at 68 degrees rather than 60 degrees as on the IDS aircraft. The Tornado is not a pure British design, but Italy and Germany also joined in designing and producing this aircraft. The Tornado weapon system represents the closet approach yet to an ideal multi –m role combat aircraft, sought by military aircraft design engineers. Its success is attributable to the skilled application of a number of high technology features incorporated into a basic airborne vehicle. The major roles of Tornado The Tornado is designed to fulfill a number of roles. These roles include close air support, interdictor strike, air strike superiority, interception, land based maritime strike and reconnaissance. Characteristics of the Tornado The Tornado has got specific characteristics which make it stand out from the other aircrafts. This is based on the fact that it is designed in order to fulfill the above stated functions. The main characteristics of this aircraft include the short takeoff or landing and the ability to accelerate rapidly to a high subsonic speed to permit operation from dispersed or damaged airfields in forward areas and immediate reaction to quickly changing battlefield conditions. High speeds at low level so that the enemy defense receives little warning during the time of attack.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The smoothness of the low gust with the wings swept at low levels ensures that the crew maint ain their fighting efficiency. High specific excess power or rate of climb and good acceleration ensure efficient interception or, in the reconnaissance role, evasion. All weather capability enables the Tornado to maintain round the clock pressure on enemy targets and to intercept enemy aircraft by day or night, or in bad weather. Good load carrying ability and flexible weapon or fuel load interchange ensures that most effective interdictor or close air supervision use over a wide range of target distance combinations. This plane has a good sustained maneuverability which ensures excellent self defense and attack capability against enemy aircraft. Lastly the multi – spool engines ensure that the aircraft has got a good specific fuel consumption which produces a long range in the strike reconnaissance roles and a prolonged loiter capability in the air superiority role. The table below gives a summary of the IDS and the ADV aircrafts in terms of their specifics. (See Table 1 an d Diagram 1) Tornado Aircraft dimensions: The aircraft construction During the study, I discovered that the aircraft has got an elaborate structure which demands the construction process to be elaborate. In essence, the aircraft structure can be divided into a number of major components. These parts include the Fuselage, wings and the tail unit. The fuselage is further divided into the front, center and rear fuselage sections. The method which is used in the construction of this aircraft known as the, â€Å"Semi – Monocoque.† This method utilizes frames, sub-frames, lonegrons, diaphragms, webs, beams and skins in the construction of the fuselage, with spars and ribs used in the construction of the wings, fin, ailerons and flaps. The frames, longerons, spars, ribs and skins are designed to withstand the bending, twisting, compression and torsion loads that an aircraft feels during flight. It is worth noting that the materials which are used in utilizing this aircraft sh ould be able to withstand the loads which the aircraft feels and at the same time be light. Front Fuselage The fuselage consists of frames, diaphragms, webs and skins, manufactured to form an assembly consisting of pressurized structure, forwards equipment compartment, the left hand gun avionics compartments, left hand gun compartment, liquid oxygen compartment, rear equipment compartment, right hand avionics compartments, right hand gun compartments, nose landing gear compartment and the spent cases compartments.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The center fuselage This extends from the forward transport joint at the frame 9 to the rear transport joint at frame 16, and it is constructed of closely spaced frames and skin assemblies. The frames vary depending on their functions. The wing box contains the wing pivot bearings which are mounted in the top structure. This wing box is usually manufactured from high strength machined titanium alloy. The internal frames are located between the forward and the rear face walls to provide additional strength to the structure. The wing slots seals exist to maintain the fuselage shape. They are also used in order to reduce drag. These pockets are closed by inflatable seals. The wing pocket has got two seals, that is, the upper and lower seals on each side of the Tornado. There are usually interconnected to allow for pressure variations due to the various altitudes which are attained during flight. The main landing gear is usually placed in two compartments. These compartments are located on the underside structure of the center fuselage. The main landing gear retracts forward and inward, the struts being rotated to allow the wheels to be housed flat within the shadow compartments. Fuel is usually stored in the fuselage which is located in the center of the tornado. There are a total of 16 fuel cells in two groups, six in the front fuel group and 10 in the rear fuel group. Rear fuselage This fuselage extends from the transport joint which is located at frame 16 and extends to the frame 19. This is done so that two engines can be mounted in the compartments which are on each side. In addition to the makeup of the engine, the rear fuselage also provides fittings for the fin, air brakes the engine doors and the arrester hook. The rear fuselage consists of frames which are divided by beams. The hydraulic system components are located in these regions. The engine bay is a part of the Tornado which is enclosed by two doors. These doors are locked in position using a mecha nism which is known as the release shoot-bolt. Air breaks are also mounted in the recesses of the fuselage. They are made up of aluminum alloy. The air breaks are located in a closed position sustained by a hydraulically operated lock units. Wings Wings are crucial components of the Tornado Aircraft. Their ability to sweep wing and rotate a pivot axis by means of an actuator is one of the aspects of this aircraft that makes it outstanding. The wings are designed in such a manner that they can carry two wing pylons for the carriage of external stores. The wings are attached to the trailing edge flaps which are installed on the lower side of the trailing edge. These flaps are equipped with carriage rib and a roller system which has two screw jacks. Damage evaluation and inspections There are two main categories of this section. These include the reference system and the inspection of damages. The reference system is a method which is used in defining surfaces, positions and contours. It is a system which operates using a basic system which is supplemented by an auxiliary system. This system is used to locate places on the plane which might be having repair issues. On the other hand the inspection of damage is an action which takes place when a person seeks to establish if there are aspects of the aircraft which are not in good working condition. There are several aspects which are taken when carrying out this inspection. These include the access for inspection. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the structural damage of the aircraft is assessed. The preliminary visual inspection is the process which involves the visual inspection of the exterior surfaces of the aircraft. Detailed visual inspection involves the deliberate process of establishing the actual problems which may be noticed on the airplane. Tornado systems The Tornado has got several systems. These systems include the fuel system, the environmental system, the electric system, and the wheel or tires system. The fuel system; the aircraft fuel load is usually located in the front fuselage, the center fuselage, the fin and in the wings. The main fuel tank is usually located in the center fuselage. The main fuselage consists of numerous fuel cells which are interconnected in a way that form two separate groups which are designated in the front fuselage. The environmental system; the main task associated with this system is to convert the liquid oxygen into a form that can enable the pilot to breathe in flight. The oxygen system is made up of two parts. These parts are the main oxygen system and the oxygen emergency system. During the emergency cases when the pilot needs to come of the plane, this system ensures that the pilots get 100% oxygen. Tornado Engine The study process made me realize that the Tornado has got a very unique engine. This engine matches the unique characteristics which are used by the engine. The Engine KB 199 was developed by Turbo Union in order to e nsure that the Multi – Role Combat Aircraft is realized. The required characteristics demanded the engine to have a bypass engine. This should have a capability of reheat for both the hot and cold gas streams. The thrust reverser is basically fitted with the intention of short landings. In addition, for the sake of maintenance, the engine is divided into several basic modules. These modules enable one to be able to note what they are working on at any given point. It is worth to mention that when removing a module, its identification plate must be kept with its own module, and when refitting a module, that plate must be refitted to the carrier. This eases the process of maintenance. See (Table 2: Table of engine modules, Diagram of the engine and the attached diagram) Types of engine modules During my experience I learnt that the Tornado has got sixteen modules. Some of these modules include the Low pressure compressor module. This is a three stage axial flow unit which compr ises two main assemblies, that is, the engine and the rotor. See (Diagram 2 Compressor module (M01). The intermediate pressure compressor module is a compressor which comprises alternative rows or rotor and stator blades. These consist of an integral disc assembly to which the blades are secured by dove tail roots and retained in the discs by the segmented plates. The high pressure compressor module consists of an outer casing and an inner casing. The outer casing is a part of the intermediate casing module. The inner casing consists of a number of rings bolted together in each pairs. See (Diagram 3 Intermediate pressure compressor module (M02)). The intermediate casing module is a module which forms the foundation unit of the engine which is known as the Master base Module. Their thrusts are attached to the outer case of the module. Engine performance parameters There are several parameters which are used in establishing the functionality of an engine. In this case the parameters i nclude the engine thrust and the specific fuel consumption. The thrust is a gas jet exhausting at a high velocity from a nozzle in the opposite direction of the jet. I later realized that the aim of the designers of these natures of engines is to aim at having engines which have higher thrusts. The specific fuel consumption may be considered to be what is next to thrust. This is because it is one of the most important aspects regarding the performance of the engine. This aspect is used to determine the amount of fuel which is used to achieve pone unit of thrust over a finite period of time. Engine maintenance procedure The maintenance of the Tornado engine is carried out at the engine shop. When the engine arrives at the engine shop it is subjected to various diagnostic tests to check on its functionality. In this case they include the baroscopic, hardness test and the MCD check. Conclusion Just like any other machine or aircraft, the Tornado engine has got its share of the problems which have solutions. When I was under training in this company I realized that some of the problems which are associated with this engine include the interference with the foreign objects which damage the engine (FOD). The high hours can also lead to bearing debris circulating in the engine oil system. This leads to massive wear and tear of the engine. Other problems are associated with thermal fatigue and operating in an environmentally hostile environment. Despite the challenges and problems, one of the sure ways of maintenance of these engines is through subjecting them to thorough inspection and system evaluation. Consistent servicing of these aircraft reduces the risk of the problems which are associated with them thus they are able to function properly for a much longer period of time. Works Cited Rouhollah, K. Ramazani and Joseph A. Kechichian. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1988. Print. This report on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft was written and submitted by user Aydin Serrano to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan Started It All

'Feminine Mystique' by Betty Friedan 'Started It All' The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, published in 1963, is often seen as the beginning of the women’s liberation movement. It is the most famous of Betty Friedan’s works, and it made her a household name. Feminists of the 1960s and 1970s would later say The Feminine Mystique was the book that â€Å"started it all.† What Is the Mystique? In The Feminine Mystique, Friedan explores the unhappiness of mid-20th century women, describing women’s unhappiness as â€Å"the problem that has no name.† Women felt this sense of depression because they were forced to be subservient to men financially, mentally, physically, and intellectually. The feminine â€Å"mystique† was the idealized image to which women tried to conform despite their lack of fulfillment.   The Feminine Mystique explains that in post-World War II United States life, women were encouraged to be wives, mothers, and housewives- and only wives, mothers, and housewives. This, Friedan says, was a failed social experiment. Relegating women to the â€Å"perfect† housewife or happy homemaker prevented much success and happiness, among the women and, consequently, their families. Friedan writes in the first pages of her book that housewives were asking themselves, â€Å"Is that all?† Why Friedan Wrote the Book Friedan was inspired to write The Feminine Mystique when she attended her Smith College 15-year reunion in the late 1950s. She surveyed her classmates and learned that none of them was happy with the idealized housewife role. However, when she tried to publish the results of her study, women’s magazines refused. She continued working on the problem, the result of her extensive research being The Feminine Mystique in 1963.   In addition to case studies of 1950s women, the book observes that women in the 1930s often had education and careers. It wasnt as if it had never occurred to women over the years to seek personal fulfillment. However, the 1950s were a time of regression: the average age at which women married dropped, and fewer women went to college. Post-war consumer culture spread the myth that fulfillment for women was found in the home, as a wife and mother. Friedan argues that women should develop themselves and their intellectual abilities and fulfill their potential rather than making a â€Å"choice† to be just a housewife. Lasting Effects of 'The Feminine Mystique' The Feminine Mystique became an international bestseller as it launched the second-wave feminist movement. It has sold more than a million copies and been translated into multiple languages. It is a key text in Women’s Studies and U.S. history classes. For years, Friedan toured the United States speaking about The Feminine Mystique and introducing audiences to her groundbreaking work and to feminism. Women have repeatedly described how they felt when reading the book: They saw that they were not alone, and that they could aspire to something more than the life they were being encouraged or even forced to lead. The idea Friedan expresses is that if women escaped the confines of â€Å"traditional† notions of femininity, they could then truly enjoy being women. Quotes from 'The Feminine Mystique' Here are some memorable passages from the book: â€Å"Over and over again, stories in womens magazines insist that women can know fulfillment only at the moment of giving birth to a child. They deny the years when she can no longer look forward to giving birth, even if she repeats the act over and over again. In the feminine mystique, there is no other way for a woman to dream of creation or of the future. There is no other way she can even dream about herself, except as her childrens mother, her husbands wife.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The only way for a woman, as for a man, to find herself, to know herself as a person, is by creative work of her own.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"When one begins to think about it, America depends rather heavily on womens passive dependence, their femininity. Femininity, if one still wants to call it that, makes American women a target and a victim of the sexual sell.†The cadences of the Seneca Falls Declaration came straight from the Declaration of Independence: When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that they have hitherto occupied. . . . We hold these truths to be self-evident:that all men and women are created equal.†

The Etymology of Geometry Terms

The Etymology of Geometry Terms Theres an anecdote about how the philosopher-mathematician Pythagoras overcame a students natural dislike of geometry. The student was poor, so Pythagoras offered to pay him an obol for each theorem he learned. Eager for the money, the student agreed and applied himself. Soon, however, he became so intrigued, he begged Pythagoras to go faster, and even offered to pay his teacher. In the end, Pythagoras recouped his losses. Etymology provides a safety net of demystification. When all the words you hear are new and confusing, or when those around you put old words to strange purposes, a grounding in etymology may help. Take the word line. You put your  ruler to paper and draw a line against the straight edge. If youre an actor, you learn your lines line after line of text in a script. Clear. Obvious. Simple. But then you hit Geometry. Suddenly your common sense is challenged by technical definitions*, and line, which comes from the Latin word linea (a linen thread), loses all practical meaning, becoming, instead, an intangible, dimension-less concept that goes off at both ends to eternity. You hear about parallel lines that by definition never meet each other except they do in some warped reality dreamt up by Albert Einstein. The concept you have always known as the  line has been renamed line segment. After a few days, it comes as something of a relief to run into an intuitively obvious circle, whose definition as a set of points equidistant from a central point still fits your previous experience. That circle** (coming possibly from a Greek verb meaning to hoop around or from a diminutive of the circular Roman circus, circulus) is marked with what you would have, in pre-geometry days, called a line across part of it. This line is called a chord. The word chord comes from the Greek word (chordà ª) for a piece of animal gut used as a string in a lyre. They still use (not necessarily cat) gut for violin strings. After circles, youll probably study equiangular or equilateral triangles. Knowing the etymology, you can break those words up into component parts: equi (equal), angular, angle, lateral (of a side/sided), and tri (3). A three-sided object with all sides equal. It is possible that youll see triangle referred to as trigon. Again, tri means 3, and gon derives from the Greek word for corner or angle, gà ´nia. However, youre far more likely to see the word trigonometry trigon the Greek word for measure. Geo-metry is the measure of Gaia (Geo), the Earth. If youre studying geometry, you probably already know you must memorize theorems, axioms, and definitions corresponding with names. Names of Shapes cylinderdodecagonheptagonhexagonoctagonparallelogrampolygonprismpyramidquadrilateralrectanglespheresquare andtrapezoid. While the theorems and axioms are pretty much geometry-specific, the names of shapes and their properties have further applications in science and life. Beehives and snowflakes are both dependent on the hexagon. If you hang a picture, you want to make sure its top is parallel to the ceiling. Shapes in geometry are usually based on the angles involved, so the two root words (gon and angle [from the Latin angulus which means the same thing as the Greek gà ´nia]) are combined with words that refer to number (like triangle, above) and equality (like equiangular, above). Although there are apparent exceptions to the rule, generally, the numbers used in combination with the  angle (from the Latin) and gon (from the Greek) are in the same language. Since hexa is Greek for six, youre unlikely to see hexangle. Youre far more likely to see the combined form hexa gon, or hexagon. Another Greek word used in combination with the numbers or with the prefix poly- (many) is hedron, which means a foundation, base, or sitting place. A polyhedron is a many-sided three-dimensional figure. Construct one from cardboard or straws, if you like, and demonstrate its etymology, by making it sit on each of its many bases. Even if it doesnt help to know that a tangent, the line (or is that line segment?) that touches at only one point (depending on the function), comes from the Latin tangere (to touch) or the oddly shaped quadrilateral known as a trapezoid got its name from looking like a table, and even if it doesnt save a lot of time to memorize the Greek and Latin numbers, instead of just the names of shapes if and when you run into them, the etymologies will come back to add color to your world, and to help you with trivia, aptitude tests and word puzzles. And if you ever do run into the terms on a geometry exam, even if panic sets in, youll be able to count through in your head to figure out whether its a regular pentagon or heptagon that you would inscribe with a traditional five-pointed star. * Heres one possible definition, from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Mathematics: line: The set of points (x1, . . ., xn) in Euclidean space.... The same source defines line segment as A connected piece of a line. ** For the etymology of circle, see Lingwhizt and the possibility of an ancient Indo-European word for millstone, another round flat object.

Development of European Science and Medicine Research Paper

Development of European Science and Medicine - Research Paper Example During early stages of this period Islamic philosophy, science and medicine was more advanced. Islamic scholars (Amber 357) both preserved and added their own innovations upon Ancient Greek and Roman traditions. The work of great researchers Aristotle, Ptolemy, Avicenna, Jabir ibn Hayyan and Averroes, backed by their contact with the Islamic world in Spain and access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts of the early 12th century opened the doors to academic awakening in Europe. Later, European scholars approached Toledo School of translators to initiate translation programs from Arabic to Latin and aided universities aiming development of scientific communities. The Black Death and other debacles in the late 12th century ended massive learning till it was resumed in 1453 after The Fall of Constantinople. 2. Impact of Science in Medieval Western Europe At the beginning of the 13th century (Late Middle Ages) intellectual translations of the important works related to science, natural p hilosophy and medicine were allowed to spread via both universities and monasteries. It was then, during the Renaissance period 14th century to 17th century that academicians presented the various facets of biological sciences (botany, anatomy, medicine) art, and culture. Invention of printing press in the same era found a way to fast printing of books and spread of ideas around Europe like never before, embarking a revolution in Science and Information Technology. Books namely, De humani corporis fabrica  (On the Workings of the Human Body) by  Andreas Vesalius, and  De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer  Nicolaus Copernicus, were first to be printed. Though the teachings of church dominated medicine, physicians focused on deepening their knowledge about human body by reading translations from Arabian medical texts. The first anatomical drawings made by Andreas Vesalius  and Leonardo Da Vinci after dissection of human body helped in understanding of the internal organs and various systems. The Church prevented medical researchers from dissection of ‘God fearing human bodies’, but allowed criminals and sinners to be dissected as a part of punishment either alive or dead. William Harvey’s experiments in 1628, theorized that the heart act as a muscular pump circulating blood around the body in the blood vessels. Thus understanding of the human body systems forged with the study of Arabic texts on medicinal value of herbs and minerals chalked out more advances in the field of scientific investigations. .The Renaissance apothecaries brought new plants from distant lands explored by Christopher Columbus and others and experimented with them. Apothecary is a historical name to an institution of modern pharmacists and medical practitioners; first apothecary shop was founded by Muslim Pharmacist during Islamic Golden Age and was popular in Spain by the 11th century (High Middle Ages). The work of apothecary in investigation of herbal and c hemical ingredients may be regarded as a precursor of modern sciences and medicine.Qninine extracted from bark of Quina tree was used in treatment of malaria; tobacco leaves were considered to be containing medicinal properties and an opium-based painkiller was prescribed for many disorders. Trade between different parts of the

Entrepreneurship Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Entrepreneurship Business Plan - Essay Example A wide range of SUVs, small cars, sedans and luxury vehicles will be marketed through the showroom of XXX Automobile. The objective of the business is to become one of the leaders in vehicle retailing market in Geneva. The operations of the business will be performed by an experienced management team. In order to ensure higher productivity, the business will take assistance from advisors and technical experts and thus can help to secure the business from possible risks. The start-up cost of the business is expected to be ? 3,850,000; majority of which will be collected by availing bank loans. The major drivers for success of the business will be quality products with reasonable price and better customer service. XXX Automobile plans to be a start-up car dealership business. XXX Automobile will intend to serve vehicles for middle class and upper class markets. The business is planned to be commenced in the downtown of Geneva in Switzerland City considering the fact that the market of Geneva is untapped and there is high potentiality for car business in that region. People in Switzerland also desire for quality, stylish and world class vehicles. The developed economy of Switzerland along with increasing population and demand of vehicle can increase the probability of success for the business by a considerable extent. The paper describes a detailed business plan for opening vehicle showroom in Geneva city of Switzerland. The objective of the paper is to develop a structured planning for marketing, finance and other significant aspects in order to commence the showroom for demanded vehicles. The paper has also considered the market of automobile along with personnel strategy to conduct the business effectively and ensure profitability. 2.0 Business Description XXX Automobile is expected to be operating as the authorised dealer of Volkswagen Group. The showroom will provide sales and services of new models of Volkswagen. The business will also attempt to procure car s directly from Volkswagen and sell through the showroom to the people of Geneva maintaining a direct supply chain connection with the producer. Therefore, the vision of the business will be to become one of the top-rated Volkswagen dealers in Geneva. The mission of XXX Automobile will be to gain and empower customer loyalty by delivering quality products, services and professional assistance to the customers. The major drivers of the business would be: To manage the threat of other competitors of XXX Automobile through effective advertisements and promotion To deliver products on schedule To control the budget To manage the expenses of business To provide superior customer service To maintain strong network with customers and other business associates 2.1 Business Opportunity The Swiss automobile market has remained resilient throughout the first quarter of 2012 and experienced increase of car registration by 9% than the previous year. The sales of passenger vehicles have demonstra ted strong

The Health And Safety Hazards Risks Of Employees Health Essay

The Health And Safety Hazards Risks Of Employees Health Essay Occupational Health and Safety is a discipline with broad scope involving many specialized fields. In its broadest sense it aims at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well being of workers in all occupations. More specifically, Occupational Health and Safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well being of workers, that is the whole person. With the alarming number of work-related sicknesses, diseases, injuries and accidents, the protection of workers against these has been found vital in the historical mandate of the International Labour Organisation (ILO guidelines 2001). The ILO celebrates world day for Health and Safety at Work on the 28th of April each year in the memory of workers who died at their workplace all over the world. One of ILOs goal is thus to boost opportunities for employees in order to obtain decent and productive work. Decent work means safe work- a positive factor which can boost up productivity and hence lead to economic growth. In this modern era, technological advancement and fierce competition bring prompt changes in the conditions of work, work processes and the organization. It can be noted that though legislation is crucial, it is insufficient to keep pace with current hazards and risks. This is why it has been found necessary to take into account the guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems (OSHMS) which can indeed support this effort. With the introduction of the Occupational Safety, Health Welfare Act of 1988(OSHWA 1988) which came into force in May 1989, followed by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2005(OSHA 2005) which was proclaimed on 1st September 2007 and replaced the OSHWA 1988, health and safety entered another dimension by binding the state. Health and safety started to gain more consideration in the agendas of the various stakeholders namely the Government, the employers, the employees and their trade unions, the non-governmental organisations as well as educational and training institutions. It is an undeniable fact that this has posed a need for creating health and safety awareness among the employees and employers and consequently leading to a continuous decrease in the number of work related accidents and illnesses among the Mauritian and foreign workers. In many organisations in Mauritius, there is a reactive approach to health and safety that is taking action to prevent the recurrence of an undesired event, comply with existing health and safety and other legislations. However, in other organisations such as the Pamplemousses/Riviere Du Rempart District Council (PRDC) health and safety is being dealt in a pro-active, effective and challenging way, that is, risks are being identified, assessed, and controlled before the first adverse event. Furthermore, health and safety is an integrated part of the management systems whereby at each level of management, health and safety is being looked with the same consideration as other organisational activities. 1.2 Problem Statement Lot of emphasis has been put on the attribution of adverse health consequences and lack of safety arising from work. While the number of workplace injuries, illnesses and death are increasing, there is considerable evidence that these reported rates are under-estimates of the actual numbers of injuries and accidents. Dembe (2005) outlines that workplace injuries and illnesses affect those injured or ill in terms of physical impairment, functional limitations, lost wages and hence limiting the workers ability to do their job conveniently. With regard to the nature of work, it has been found necessary to note that individuals are chronically exposed to adverse psychosocial working environments (Bosma et al, 1998; Hemingway and Marmot 1999; Belkic et al, 2004). Job position is a major concern especially when dealing with manual handling. More specifically, regular moving of components from stores or lorries or while lifting heavy loads, workers can suffer from back pain, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular disease and so on. For instance, the workers employed in the scavenging department at the PRDC are exposed to a series of hazards which can in turn lead to accidents if precautionary measures are not taken. It can be noted that though scavengers are provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), they do not use them efficiently. But the fact remains that there is no proper hygiene and comfort as they have to practically linger in the wastes disposed at the back of the lorry. To some extent, lack of training and poor supervision might be the causes of the workers carelessness. Nevertheless, we cannot disregard the fact stated by Olsen and Lindee (2009) that the transfer of technology can increase the risks of new failures, misuse, accidents and unhealthy workplaces. 1.3 Aim and Objectives 1.3.1 Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the health and safety risks and hazards present at the PRDC refuse collection section and hence provide recommendations for improvement. 1.3.2 Objectives: The set objectives are: To identify risks and hazards present in the PRDC refuse collection section and assess the measures in place including policies and procedures. To assess the importance of safeguarding Health and Safety at the District Council. To determine the level of Health and Safety awareness. To evaluate the Occupational Health and Safety Management System in place at the PRDC. To propose recommendations to improve Health and Safety in the working environment at the PRDC. 1.4 Research Questions: Does the District Council have a proper set of policies and procedures? Are the employees aware of the Health and Safety Policy and procedures of the organization and the different arrangement in it? How much is management committed towards the Health, Safety and Welfare of its employees? Does the PRDC undertake Risk Assessments and keep proper records as well as monitoring of progress and action taken to eliminate risks and hazards? What are the benefits brought to the PRDC by the implementation of OHSMS and barriers encountered in its implementation? CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction to the chapter In modern society, the collection of waste is often taken for granted. People put waste out and expect that its gone within a day, without even realizing how it is collected. However, for those who collect waste, the reality of the situation is very often different. Waste is an obvious public health hazard and waste collection is a very hazardous task to undertake. There are a multitude of challenges that face Local Government worldwide in this new era; rapidly evolving technologies, managing staffs, forming partnerships by engaging new citizens, delivering services, lack of finance, dealing with health and safety issues at work and socio-economic demographics are some relevant examples. Aram (2009) strongly believes that developing countries are often exposed to exploitation since they lack safeguards and expertise that prevent harm to workers. He even elaborates on the fact that previous efforts to address workplace hazards in these countries have practically failed. East Cambridgeshire District Council faces mainly the issue of air pollution. Similarly, more urban districts in Cambridgeshire have encountered air quality problems resulting from massive motor vehicle emission. It is necessary to monitor the adverse health issues in this modern era arising in the course of work. Ongoing research efforts are required regarding the magnitude of health effects associated with working conditions (Smulders et al.1996; Lavis et al.2001). For instance, an employer may implement engineering controls with the aim of eliminating a safety hazard and thus increasing productivity without even considering the direct value of health benefits. Notwithstanding these studies, clear opportunities exist to improve health and safety of workers through the improvement in work environment. 2.1 Definition of technical terms: When we refer to hazards in relation to Occupational Safety and Health, the most commonly used definition is a hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons. Risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard. An Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) is defined as a framework whereby all hazards are identified, health and safety risks are controlled and the potential occurrences for accidents are reduced in a particular organization by putting in place all the existing control measures and continually improving its performance. In other words, the content and scope of OHSMS is determined by the identification and hazards and implementation of corresponding measure or simply evaluating the measures already in place (Mearns K. and Flin R.). An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Program is a definite plan of action designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases/injuries. An Occupational Health and Safety Policy is a statement of principles and general rules that serve as guides for action. Safe work practice is a written instruction outlining the preferred method of performing a task/activity whilst emphasizing ways to minimize any risk(s) or hazard that makes a safe system of work(University of Wollongong, 2011). In developing countries, refuse collection is characterized by a dominance of manual handling tasks. According to National Occupational Research Agency, an estimate of 122, 000 workers are employed in waste collection (NORA, 2009). However, refuse collectors around the world are at risks for occupational illnesses and injuries (Kuijer et al., 2010). They have a higher risk of fatal occupational injuries than the general workforce (Dorevitch, 2001) and they account for about 80% of all reported injuries (HSE). Until recently, relatively little research has focused on the hazards in the waste industry, even though waste collection is a high-hazard job with a fatality rate 10 times that of all workers (Drudi, 1997). Collecting waste has long been recognized to be a dirty and physical work. However, it is among the most fatal occupations. The collection of solid waste has been found to be among the highest risk occupations in the United States (Englehardt et al., 2001). As refuse collection is done manually in Mauritius, the refuse collectors have direct contact with waste and are therefore exposed to infectious micro-organisms, toxic materials and other harmful substances. They are exposed to an extensive variety of health risks and hazards. Refuse collectors are working in a hard, unsafe and poor working condition with a lack of work protection equipment. However, the actual risk may be largely underreported since this population of workers has not been well studied. 2.2 Health and Safety hazards and risks among refuse collectors Health and safety problem is an inevitable characteristic of the scavenging department. By its nature and variety of activities, scavenging has a bundle of hazards and unsafe situation and therefore refuse collectors are very much exposed to accident, workplace injuries and diseases. Scavenging is a labour process involved in the initial collection and processing of recoverable materials (Loan 2002). In other words, scavengers collect materials that have been discarded as waste and add value to them by sorting, cleaning, and altering the physical shape to facilitate transport. Scavenging has some detrimental effects on the refuse collectors as they live in unhygienic conditions and the nature of their occupation exposes them to potentially pathogenic bio-aerosols that may lead to the spread of various diseases. Eye irritation, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, minor injuries from stepping on broken bottles or sharp objects in the refuse, backache from bending down most of the time and headaches arising from working in the sun are some examples. Offensive odours in waste disposal sites and the abundance of fleas, along with the lack of personal protective equipment, make working conditions even more unhygienic. Rag-pickers collect plastics, paper, cardboards, c ans, glass bottles, rubber materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metals from public places, streets, dump sites or landfills can be risky as they are exposed to various infectious agents (Ray et al, 2004) and toxic substances that may cause illness. At times, they may face social abuse from certain elements of society, which may lead to social problems and hence creation of greater possibility that they get engaged into the consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking. From a study carried out in Thailand, it can be noted that the physical health problems of scavengers undertaking routine work, are low back pain and sprains, common colds, and skin rashes. Other problems include headaches, fatigue and shortness of breath. Some scavengers do not use PPE and thus risk their health while some eat food found at the dump site which can pose a serious problem to their own well-being. Scavengers with low levels of education have more work-related accidents (Khalil and Milhem, 2004). All workplaces have hazards and risks. Hazards can cause harm, injury and can even lead to fatal accidents. Occupational Health and Safety is therefore a very essential part of every workplace as in most cases employees lives depend on it. Below are hazards that refuse collectors are exposed to: Chemical hazards Biological hazards Physical hazards Ergonomic hazards Psychosocial hazards 2.2.1 Chemical hazards Chemical hazards among refuse collectors arise from contamination with harmful chemicals like disinfectants, cleaning products and pesticides. It can be noted that these chemicals exist in form of solid, liquid and gas which can contaminate human body at the point of contact (NIOSH, 1985). Some of the common chemicals found at hazardous waste sites include asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (NIOSH, 1985). These chemicals are associated with cardiovascular, dermal, gastrointestinal, neurologic and respiratory effects and cancer (NIOSH, 1985) There is enough evidence that dust also represents a potential hazard to refuse collectors on site. In 2002, Krajewski et al. conducted a study in Poland so as to assess occupational exposure among workers employed in the municipal waste collection and the results revealed that workers were exposed to highest dust concentration on sites of refuse collection. Refuse collectors are also exposed to vehicle exhaust fumes which may contribute to respiratory problems (Hansen et al., 1997). Furthermore, the engineering design of the refuse collection truck may cause several potential health hazards to the workers. We should note that the location of the exhaust pipes on most refuse collection trucks directs the fumes towards the work area and this can eventually result in over-exposure to carbon monoxide (Cimino, 1975). 2.2.2 Biological hazards In 2006, a survey was carried out by Lavoie et al., in Canada among refuse collectors and the results showed that they are highly exposed to airborne bacteria and fungi (bio-aerosols). Most of the time refuse collectors come across medical wastes which are often encountered in hospitals, health centres and medical laboratories. Wastes generated from health care activities, more specifically, discarded syringes, needles, cotton swabs and other types of infectious waste are often not segregated. As a result, they are disposed in normal bins. These wastes contain infectious materials that can cause diseases, if exposed to (Morton, 2010). A cross-sectional study was conducted by Rachiotis et al., 2012 among 208 Municipal Solid Waste Workers of a municipality in Central Greece in order to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV), risk factors for infection and ways of virus transmission among them. The result demonstrated that occupational exposure to waste is a possible risk factor for HBV infection since prevalence of HBV infection was found to be 23%. Medical waste contains a huge variety of pathogenic microorganisms (Morton, 2010). Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body in several routes: By ingestion By inhalation Through the mucous membranes Through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin Contaminated sharps, mainly hypodermic needles are probably the waste items that represent the most acute potential health hazards. This may expose refuse collectors to communicable disease risks, including blood-borne viruses such as Hepatitis B and C and HIV (Morton, 2010). Moreover, sharps can cause cuts and punctures and as a result infect these wounds if they are contaminated with pathogens. Sharps are therefore regarded as a very hazardous waste class. 2.2.3 Physical hazards Slip, trip and fall risks Slip, trip and falls are common in almost all occupations, including refuse collection. The results from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) Program carried out by the U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics showed that fatal slips, trips and falls took the lives of 666 workers in 2011. The fact that scavenging task is carried out regardless of the weather conditions or slippery surface caused by rain, refuse collectors are often victim of slips and falls if enough attention is not paid to the surface on which they are walking. Uneven paths, manhole covers and drains are potential tripping hazards, especially if refuse collectors are in a haste to complete the task. In addition, hurrying can also lead to refuse collectors endangering their lives by falling while climbing onto the back of the lorry to accelerate the loading. Refuse collectors suffering from a slip, trip or fall at work can result in pain and lead to a long-term disability, depending on the severity of the injury. Noise Exposure to noise at work can be detrimental to workers health and it can even increase the risk of accidents (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2005). Scavenging task takes place during peak traffic hours most of the time, thus refuse collectors are exposed to noise. The workers usually work on roads with heavy traffic and in vicinity of noisy machinery. However, very often, the collection truck itself is the cause of noise problem. Annoyance due to road traffic noise created from beeping of horns by car drivers was found to be among the highest noise factors (Chowdhury et al., 2012) Animals and Insects Bite During waste collection, refuse workers often come across animals like dogs, cats, insects or stings which represent a potential danger to them. The refuse collectors are exposed mostly to dogs while collecting domestic wastes. Since dogs are very territorial, especially when stranger enters their property, this can result in violent personal attacks. Moreover, both insects and rodents represent an occupational and public health hazards. Contact with rodents therefore can result in bites and this can lead to redness and swelling in the injured area and can even cause an allergic reaction. Insects and rodents can thus transmit diseases to workers by bites or by indirect contact. Ergonomic Hazards Manual Handling The task of refuse collectors consists of extensive heavy lifting as well as other manual handling of containers and thus increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (Rushton, 2003). Manual handling has been defined by the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any transporting or supporting of a load, including the lifting, putting down, pushing, carrying or moving thereof by hand or bodily force. The Health and Safety Executive(HSE) records show that more than a third of all accidents reported are injuries occurred from work and thus workers being absent for more than 3 days are related to manual handling at workplace. It can cause injury in the short term through accidents and in the longer term damage from bad handling techniques. Manual handling includes any activity: Involving forceful and repetitive movements. Where the person always maintain constrained and awkward postures. Examples of Manual Handling Activities include: *Figure 1: Manual Handling Activities *Source: esvhealthwatch.vic.gov.au The common types of manual handling injuries are as follows: Arm, shoulder and wrist injuries. Back injuries caused by unstable and heavy loads. Chronic pain. Hernias and strain injuries. Injuries caused by prolonged repetition of work (for example, a refuse collector continually collecting refuse). The above mentioned can affect an individuals quality of life and also his ability to work. The cost of ill-health will therefore depend on the nature and extent of disease and illness that is prevalent. Preventing Manual Handling Injuries OSHA requires all employers who have a legal responsibility against employees to provide them with a safe and healthy workplace. The National Standard for Manual Handling requires that all tasks involving Manual Handling at a particular workplace should be identified and risks and likelihood of injuries should be assessed accordingly. Appropriate control measures should be introduced where there is a risk of injury. Provision of adequate and sufficient training in the safe techniques and methods of manual handling and lifting. Musculoskeletal Disorders Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the principal causes of occupational injury, illness and disability within many countries and various occupations (Mehrdad et al., 2008) MSDs are one of the most frequent work-related injuries among refuse collectors due to the heavy lifting, pushing, pulling and carrying activities involved in their daily duty of refuse collection (Ijzelenberg et al., 2004; Keyserling, 2000 Hoozemans et al., 2004) A survey conducted in 2008 by Mehrdad et al. among a group of municipal solid waste collectors in Tehran revealed that the symptoms of MSDs experienced by the workers were; low back (45%), knees (29%), shoulders (24%), upper back (23%) and neck (22%). Moreover, studies reveal that MSDs among refuse collectors are higher than most of the other workforces. Abou El Wafa et al., carried out a cross-sectional study in 2012 among 120 refuse collectors at the Western Municipality of Mansoura City, Egypt with a comparison group of 110 male service workers at the University in order to assess the percentage of musculoskeletal complaints and their possible risk factors among the refuse collectors. The result showed that musculoskeletal complaints were higher among the refuse collectors (60.8%) than the comparison group (43.6%). Lifting load Refuse collectors and store workers are often engaged in carrying and handling loads without proper lifting techniques which eventually causes stress on the back and musculoskeletal system. Repetitive actions worsen the situations. Some examples of handling loads would be: lifting, pulling, carrying, dragging and holding. Handling load is classified as heavy work which involves dynamic and static work. In a study carried out by Olaogun et al (2002), their findings concluded that workers who are often engaged in lifting heavy objects were mostly afflicted by Low Back Pain. It was also reported that between 80% and 90% of all back pain is caused by faulty postural habits. The knowledge of how to prevent back pain was generally poor among the respondents. Costs of Back Injuries The most common injury is to the back and it can be very painful. If, a workers job involves heavy manual labour then back injuries can certainly damage his job prospects. In Mauritius back pain is among one of the major occupational disease. For instance, all cases of occupational and work related diseases diagnosed in hospital (Ministry of Health 2009) shows the result being 37% and 39% in 2007 and 2008 respectively. It should be noted that measures taken to lessen or eliminate the problem of back pain can bring a lot of benefits to an organization (Managing sickness absences and returns to work 2005). Such measures are: Better workplace relations. Improved business performances. Safe and healthy workplaces. Retention of valued staffs. Reduced compensation and rehabilitation costs. Psychosocial Hazards Violence at work HSE defines work related violence as any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work. The most common causes of violence at work are personal conflicts, frustration due to workload and poor working conditions and environment. However, violence at work can lead to other problems such as minor injury, major injury and even fatal injury. Violence to refuse collectors can cause pain, distress, disability or even death. Nevertheless, serious or persistent verbal abuse can be a significant problem as it can pose serious complication to refuse collectors health through anxiety and stress. Stress Stress at work is the reaction of workers when work load and pressures become beyond their normal capability and becomes difficult for them to deal with (Semmer, 2007). Most of the employees encounter stress to a certain degree in their daily work environment. Work related stress causes a negative impact on employees leading to poor physical and mental health state. According to the statistics of Health and Safety Executive (2005), over 500, 000 workers in United Kingdom advocated that their illness were due to stress at work and 15% of all the working population confirmed that their work was enormously stressful. However, it is widely acknowledged that work related stress is linked to elevate sickness absence, higher labour turnover and early retirement (Kerr et al., 2009) 2.2.6 Road Accidents Refuse collectors have to collect wastes from both sides of a street. Their task involves climbing on and alighting from trucks, carrying trash containers and so on. Sometimes garbage causes obstruction which prevent their ability to see approaching vehicles and thus result in accident (Drudi, 1997). According to the National Solid Waste Management Association, in 2008 there were 31 refuse collectors killed on the job in Florida. The statistics from the HSE between 2001 and 2006 shows that 513 refuse collectors suffered over 3 days workplace transport injuries. This implies that their injuries from the accident were serious enough for they were given three days sick leave. 2.3 Occupational Disease According to the Protocol of 2002 of the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155), the term Occupational disease refers to any disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity. Occupational diseases are the icebergs that challenge occupational health and safety experts. The number of cases of occupational disease reported for statistical surveys is just the tip of the iceberg. It should be noted that refuse collectors experience a variety of adverse health effect. The situation of refuse collectors in different developing countries is comparable as they are exposed to all risks than their counterparts in developed countries. A survey carried out in Bethlehem and Hebron Districts, among 209 refuse collectors revealed that they faced work related disease such as sore throat, diarrhea, shortness of breath and skin disease (Milhem, 2004). Based on Health Studies of refuse collectors carried out in India, tuberculosis, bronchitis, a sthma and pneumonia are the most frequently experienced diseases among waste pickers (Huisman, 1994). 2.4 Occupational Injury Occupational injury is defined as sudden, anticipated, and undesirable events during work, leading to harm or damage to at least one part of the body (Poulson et al., 1995). The job of waste collection is associated with a high risk of occupational injury and most often injuries among waste collectors was the back, followed by the knees, hands, and feet (Ivens et al., 1998). A study by Bourdouxhe et al. (1993) reported an even higher rate of injury among waste collectors: 74% of the waste collectors in municipality companies and 57% in private enterprise. 2.5 Housekeeping One essential component of good working conditions is good housekeeping. It helps to the prevention of occupational injuries and diseases. Good housekeeping also includes everyday cleanliness, tidiness and good order in all parts of the workplace and is important when it comes to good safety practice. The fact that housekeeping is a maintenance task; therefore it cannot be achieved without the participation of everyone in the workplace. Hazards associated with poor housekeeping: Slips, trips and falls Objects fall from above causing injury to workers Striking against unwanted sharp edges of objects causing injury Crushing injuries In America, around 300,000 disabling injuries occur every year resulting in death of 1400 workers. 15-20% of workers compensation claims are owing to slips, trips and falls at workplace. The United States Bureau of Labour Statistics (2012) declared 303,800 fall injuries at place of work in 2000. 15% of death is caused by slips, trips and falls at workplace. 2.6 Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is intended to protect individuals from the risks and injury creating a barrier against workplace hazards. PPE is not a substitute for good engineering controls, administrative controls or good working practices. Instead, it is used in conjunction with these controls to ensure the safety and health of workers. PPE should be used when it has been determined as its use will lessen the likelihood of occupational injury and/or illnesses when other protection methods are not available. PPE should always be worn when working with hazards. PPE that refuse collectors should normally wear: Hand protection (gloves) Respiratory masks Overall Safety boots Safety helmets The bureau of Labour Statistics of America (2012) revealed that 333, 272 eyes injuries were reported as occupational in the year 1985. Another study in connection to disabling injuries showed that there were 32, 000 hand and finger injuries, 70, 000 eye injuries, 70,000 head and face injuries and 110, 000 food and toe injuries in 1987. These figures represent 31.7% of the estimated 1, 800, 000 total disabling work injuries for the year 1987. These reports which were examined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administrator department in America show that in only those cases where a worker was injured were: Personal Protective Equipment was not being worn the vast majority of time. Some types of the protective equipment worn by the worker did not protect him fully. The importance of preventive measures According to research conducted on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders as part of the Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Consortium with the National Institute of Occupationa

Commerce: Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

In order to maintain social order and stability, people create a lot of rules to conduct the people’s behavior. A part of these rules of conduct is included in the scope of the law, which needs the coercive power of the country to protect its implementation. The other part belongs to the moral category, and it needs to rely on self-reflection and intervention of public opinion which can assurance its implementation. The business ethics is a part of commerce responsibility, and it is also a part of moral rules. Commercial activity is one of the most important activities in human society, and whether the commercial activity can run orderly have a tremendous impact on a society. A responsible commerce should fully consider the moral responsibility. Abramov (2007) said that The enterprise is closely related to the profits, in order to establish the basic responsibility of the enterprise, it should strengthen the full range of responsibility and cultivate culture which concentrates on responsibility. This essay will firstly give a brief description on the responsible commerce. Following this, it will discuss on the utilitarianism theory and its relation to the responsible commerce. After that, it will use the utilitarianism theory to analyze a case. Finally, it will give a reflection about the study. A brief introduction of the responsible commerce As a part of the social system, the responsibility of commerce attracts more and more attention. This concern not only comes from the theoretical areas, but also comes from the groups related to the enterprise and the stakeholders. How to ensure the implementation of the responsibility of the enterprise, and make it give a greater contribution to the society when it gets benefit from the society are the hot spots. An enterprise is rooted in the society, it is impossible to be an isolated body, and it must have a broad contact with the society, then it is necessary to undertake the corresponding responsibilities. In general, according to Jeremy (1789), the responsibility of commerce should include three aspects: economic responsibility, social responsibility and ethical responsibility. The economic responsibility refers to the economic interests that the enterprise pursuit and want to make the benefits of investors maximize. Through the process of accumulation: investment, profitability, reinvestment and re-profitability, the enterprise will grow and have a healthy development. The social responsibility should include internal and external aspects. The internal aspect refers to establish an effective monitoring mechanism, which is both responsible for the staff, but also responsible for the society. The external aspect includes three elements, first is to provide tax for the government, this is the important social responsibility for the enterprise. The second is to make efforts for the social harmony. It means that the commerce should provide employment opportunities for the community, should protect the ecological environment, and safeguard the interests of shareholders. The third is to provide the quality products and goods to the market. This responsibility relates to people’s lives and health, and also relates to the normal operation of the society. Peter (1981) said that the ethical responsibility is moral responsibility, unlike social responsibility, it is the voluntary acts. The enterprise should undertake these three responsibilities, and play its role for the rapid and stable development of the society and economic. The utilitarianism theory The utilitarianism can be said as an ethical theory, which believes that the proper action is the one which can maximize the happiness of all the people. It can be also regarded as a form of the consequentialism, it means that every action has a moral worth, and it is determined only by the outcome of the resulting, people can only know all the consequences of the action, and then can weigh the morality. The core of utilitarianism is principle of the greatest happiness of most people. The personal interests can not be separated from the interests of others. Frederick (2003) said that the utilitarianism can be accepted by human beings because of the profit nature of human. Therefore, the principle of utility is necessary to consider the personal interests and the interests of others, and also consider the interests of the stakeholders. Mill (2004) inherited Bentham’s idea of the greatest happiness principle, and pointed out that it should develop ethics according to the utilitarian purpose, in compliance with these codes of ethics, it will get the best interests of the overwhelming majority of people. Mill’s idea makes utilitarianism which only stresses the effect of utilitarian change into the principle which not only stresses the effect, but also pays attention on the guidelines of the ethics. Kelly (1990) said that the essence of the utilitarianism is that it affirms the necessity of achieving personal interests, and also provides that realizing the overall interests is premise and precondition of personal interests. The one-sided pursuit of personal interests is a narrow utilitarian concept, which can be extended to the utilitarian concept of the modern commerce. It can be concluded that some commercial operators with narrow utilitarian view will have one-sided pursue the commercial interests, the utilitarian view of modern commercial operators should maintain and achieve the overall interests of stakeholders and collective. Application of utilitarianism theory to analysis the company of Sanlu It has been reported that in China, the incident of Sanlu milk is a typical manmade disaster. From last year, the company of Sanlu began to receive the consumer complaints. To August 1 when the experts make the conclusion on the milk, then to September 8, the municipal government of Shi Jiazhuang gave a report to the government of Hebei Province. During the half year, the unspoken rule which is known by every one is not timely broken, and the company of Sanlu did not take measures to reduce the damage and the losses. The incident of Sanlu reflects the corporate ethics and social responsibility, which are concerned by many people. In order to pursue the profit and gain the ill-gotten wealth, a small number of enterprises ignore people’s health and even people’ life, the corporate moral is decay. The unscrupulous milk traders seek profits, so they devoid of conscience, and mix the milk with melamine. The management of the company lack of responsibility, and neglect lives and safety of people. The relevant department has also developed a number of systems to deal with the incident. But these systems are not specific. The incident of Sanlu milk lacks the system of third party testing. And the regulatory powers is own by the company, the profit make the system fail, and which lead to the fail regulation. George (2005) said that the reason why the company should fulfill the responsibility is neither because the company faces many ethical dilemmas and moral hazard, nor because the ethics can be regarded as the effective tools which can help company achieve the economic purpose. The most fundamental is that the responsibility is the core values of the modern enterprises, which has a special meaning and civilized significance. There are many reasons which can lead to the unethical behaviors and the shady transactions, but the most main reason which can induce unethical behavior is too much emphasis on the performance. So the company should correct the idea of too much emphasis on the performance and also qualify the performance. When it seeks to the purpose of self-interest, it should also establish a business concept of altruism. The company of Sanlu should have the responsibility, it should aware that the development of the company is not only for profit, but also for the fulfillment of a moral. It can use the scientific management to combine the interests of the company and the social responsibility. The company should use the greatest happiness principle as a guidance, which can make our society more harmonious. The greatest happiness principle is an abstract concept, when using this idea to make the commercial decisions, it will often encounter the problem that the interests of all parties can not easy to achieve the largest. So the company should fully balance the interests and realize the greatest happiness of most people. Conclusion The modern commercial operators use the greatest happiness principle as its core of utilitarian, which break the western traditional idea of utilitarian, which pursues the maximize the self-interests and the interests of the stakeholders. The principle affirms both the interests of the main groups which include the merchants and the staff, and the interests of consumers. It also affirms the interests of the society. It means that it combines the interests of individuals and others, the interests of organizations and nation, society. From the sources of the theory, it reflects the unity of the commerce and moral, and also reflects the combination of benefits and fair. It is more suitable for the modern society. In short, to make a business decision with ethical aspects, it should let the decision have the support of ethical standards. Bernard (1973) said that from the view of utilitarian, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the stakeholders who pursue maximize of the benefits. Walters (2008) believed that if the business decision has the support of ethical standards, it can be said that it have the ethics, and then the company can avoid the risk of commercial ethics, and can also bear the ethical responsibility which the commercial operators should undertake, and this company can be regarded as a responsible commerce.